Chapters 1 through 12
Refer to Exam #1,Exam #2, and Exam #3 study guides.

Chapter 13: Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
Know IUPAC nomenclature of carboxylic acid derivatives (like 13.2-13.5, 13.28-13.32 pgs. 377-380, 404).

Know nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions of carboxylic acids and acid derivatives
    (like 13.34-13.38 pg. 405).

Know preparations of carboxylic acid derivatives (pgs. 384-392).

Be able to identify polyamides and polyesters and be able to determine the starting materials to prepare
    these polymers (like 13.52 pg. 406).

Know that all the carboxylic acid derivatives can be reduced to primary alcohols using
    1) LiAlH₄  2) H₂O/H⁺ except for amides which are reduced to amines (like 13.45 pg. 406).

Know that esters and acid chlorides react with Grignard reagents to produce tertiary alcohols
    (like 13.46 pg. 406).

Chapter 14: Carbohydrates
Be able to identify D or L aldoses or ketoses on a Fischer projection (pgs. 409-412).

Know that many simple sugars can react internally to form 5 or 6 membered ring hemiacetals
    (pgs. 413-415).

Know that the a and b designations for cyclic saccharides refer to the OH on the hemiacetal carbon. If the
    OH is down, it is a and if the OH is up, it is b (pg. 416).

Be able to recognize the glycoside bond in starch or cellulose (pg. 429).

Chapter 15: Lipids
Be able to recognize structures like those in Table 15.1 pg. 436 as being fatty acids.

Be able to recognize structures of fats or oils which are long chain triesters of glycerol
    (like trimyristin in Example 15.2 pg. 439).

Know that base hydrolysis of a fat is called saponification and results in a soap (pg. 441).

Be able to recognize steroids by their four fused rings (3 six-membered rings and 1 five-membered
    ring)(pgs. 451-454).